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‣ Roles of Pofut1 and O-Fucose in Mammalian Notch Signaling*S⃞
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Publicado em 16/05/2008
Português
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1315.411%
Mammalian Notch receptors contain 29–36 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats that may be modified by protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (Pofut1), an essential component of the canonical Notch signaling pathway. The Drosophila orthologue Ofut1 is proposed to function as both a chaperone required for stable cell surface expression of Notch and a protein O-fucosyltransferase. Here we investigate these dual roles of Pofut1 in relation to endogenous Notch receptors of Chinese hamster ovary and murine embryonic stem (ES) cells. We show that fucosylation-deficient Lec13 Chinese hamster ovary cells have wild type levels of Pofut1 and cell surface Notch receptors. Nevertheless, they have reduced binding of Notch ligands and low levels of Delta1- and Jagged1-induced Notch signaling. Exogenous fucose but not galactose rescues both ligand binding and Notch signaling. Murine ES cells lacking Pofut1 also have wild type levels of cell surface Notch receptors. However, Pofut1–/– ES cells do not bind Notch ligands or exhibit Notch signaling. Although overexpression of fucosyltransferase-defective Pofut1 R245A in Pofut1–/– cells partially rescues ligand binding and Notch signaling, this effect is not specific. The same rescue is achieved by an unrelated...
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‣ Regulation of Gic2 Localization and Function by Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate during the Establishment of Cell Polarity in Budding Yeast*S⃞
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Publicado em 23/05/2008
Português
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Establishment of cell polarity is important for a wide range of biological processes, from asymmetric cell growth in budding yeast to neurite formation in neurons. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the small GTPase Cdc42 controls polarized actin organization and exocytosis toward the bud. Gic2, a Cdc42 effector, is targeted to the bud tip and plays an important role in early bud formation. The GTP-bound Cdc42 interacts with Gic2 through the Cdc42/Rac interactive binding domain located at the N terminus of Gic2 and activates Gic2 during bud emergence. Here we identify a polybasic region in Gic2 adjacent to the Cdc42/Rac interactive binding domain that directly interacts with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the plasma membrane. We demonstrate that this interaction is necessary for the polarized localization of Gic2 to the bud tip and is important for the function of Gic2 in cell polarization. We propose that phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and Cdc42 act in concert to regulate polarized localization and function of Gic2 during polarized cell growth in the budding yeast.
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‣ Molecular Consequences of a Frameshifted DLX3 Mutant Leading to Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome*
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Publicado em 18/07/2008
Português
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1312.8039%
The homeodomain protein Distal-less-3 (Dlx3) plays a crucial role during
embryonic development. This transcription factor is known to be essential for
placental formation and to be involved in skin and skeletal organogenesis. In
humans, a frameshift mutation in the coding sequence of the DLX3 gene
results in an ectodermal dysplasia called Tricho-Dento-Osseous syndrome (TDO).
The main features of this autosomal dominant disorder are defects in hair,
teeth, and bone. To investigate the functional alterations caused by the
mutated DLX3TDO isoform ex vivo, we used
tetracycline-inducible osteoblastic and keratinocyte cell lines and calvarial
derived osteoblasts in which the expression of DLX3WT and/or
DLX3TDO could be regulated and monitored. Immunocytochemical
analysis revealed that both DLX3WT and DLX3TDO
recombinant proteins are targeted to the nucleus. However, as demonstrated by
electrophoresis mobility shift assay, DLX3TDO is not able to bind
to the canonical Dlx3 binding site. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the
frameshifted C-terminal domain in DLX3TDO is accountable for the
loss of DNA binding activity because the C-terminal domain in
DLX3WT is not required for DNA binding activity. Although
DLX3TDO alone cannot bind to a Dlx3 responsive element...
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‣ Covalent Binding to Tubulin by Isothiocyanates: A MECHANISM OF CELL GROWTH ARREST AND APOPTOSIS*S⃞
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Publicado em 08/08/2008
Português
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1319.0078%
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) found in cruciferous vegetables, including
benzyl-ITC (BITC), phenethyl-ITC (PEITC), and sulforaphane (SFN), inhibit
carcinogenesis in animal models and induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in
various cell types. The biochemical mechanisms of cell growth inhibition by
ITCs are not fully understood. Our recent study showed that ITC binding to
intracellular proteins may be an important initiating event for the induction
of apoptosis. However, the specific protein target(s) and molecular mechanisms
were not identified. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of
human lung cancer A549 cells treated with radiolabeled PEITC and SFN revealed
that tubulin may be a major in vivo binding target for ITC. We
examined whether binding to tubulin by ITCs could lead to cell growth arrest.
The proliferation of A549 cells was significantly reduced by ITCs, with
relative activities of BITC > PEITC > SFN. All three ITCs also induced
mitotic arrest and apoptosis with the same order of activity. We found that
ITCs disrupted microtubule polymerization in vitro and in
vivo with the same order of potency. Mass spectrometry demonstrated that
cysteines in tubulin were covalently modified by ITCs. Ellman assay results
indicated that the modification levels follow the same order...
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‣ Parcs Is a Dual Regulator of Cell Proliferation and Apaf-1 Function*
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Publicado em 05/09/2008
Português
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1318.7581%
Here we identify a novel protein, named Parcs for
pro-apoptotic protein required for
cell survival, that is involved in both cell cycle
progression and apoptosis. Parcs interacted with Apaf-1 by binding to the
oligomerization domain of Apaf-1. Apaf-1-mediated activation of caspase-9 and
caspase-3 was markedly decreased in a cytosolic fraction isolated from HeLa
cells with reduced parcs expression. Interestingly, parcs
deficiency blocked cell proliferation in non-tumorigenic cells but not in
multiple tumor cell lines. In MCF-10A cells, parcs deficiency led to
early G1 arrest. Conditional inactivation of parcs in
genetically modified primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts using the Cre-LoxP
system also resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation. We conclude that
Parcs may define a molecular checkpoint in the control of cell proliferation
for normal cells that is lost in tumor cells.
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‣ Critical and Distinct Roles of p16 and Telomerase in Regulating the Proliferative Life Span of Normal Human Prostate Epithelial Progenitor Cells*S⃞
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Publicado em 10/10/2008
Português
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1318.3339%
Normal human prostate (NHP) epithelial cells undergo senescence in
vitro and in vivo, but the underlying molecular mechanisms
remain obscure. Here we show that the senescence of primary NHP cells, which
are immunophenotyped as intermediate basal-like cells expressing progenitor
cell markers CD44, α2β1, p63, hTERT, and CK5/CK18, involves loss of
telomerase expression, up-regulation of p16, and activation of p53. Using
genetically defined manipulations of these three signaling pathways, we show
that p16 is the primary determinant of the NHP cell proliferative capacity and
that hTERT is required for unlimited proliferative life span. Hence,
suppression of p16 significantly extends NHP cell life span, but both p16
inhibition and hTERT are required to immortalize NHP cells. Importantly,
immortalized NHP cells retain expression of most progenitor markers,
demonstrate gene expression profiles characteristic of proliferating
progenitor cells, and possess multilineage differentiation potential
generating functional prostatic glands. Our studies shed important light on
the molecular mechanisms regulating the proliferative life span of NHP
progenitor cells.
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‣ Obscurin Targets Ankyrin-B and Protein Phosphatase 2A to the Cardiac M-line*
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Publicado em 14/11/2008
Português
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1315.2938%
Ankyrin-B targets ion channels and transporters in excitable cells.
Dysfunction in ankyrin-B-based pathways results in defects in cardiac
physiology. Despite a wealth of knowledge regarding the role of ankyrin-B for
cardiac function, little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying
ankyrin-B regulation. Moreover, the pathways underlying ankyrin-B targeting in
heart are unclear. We report that alternative splicing regulates ankyrin-B
localization and function in cardiomyocytes. Specifically, we identify a novel
exon (exon 43′) in the ankyrin-B regulatory domain that mediates
interaction with the Rho-GEF obscurin. Ankyrin-B transcripts harboring exon
43′ represent the primary cardiac isoform in human and mouse. We
demonstrate that ankyrin-B and obscurin are co-localized at the M-line of
myocytes and co-immunoprecipitate from heart. We define the structural
requirements for ankyrin-B/obscurin interaction to two motifs in the ankyrin-B
regulatory domain and demonstrate that both are critical for
obscurin/ankyrin-B interaction. In addition, we demonstrate that interaction
with obscurin is required for ankyrin-B M-line targeting. Specifically, both
obscurin-binding motifs are required for the M-line targeting of a
GFP-ankyrin-B regulatory domain. Moreover...
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‣ Differential Activation of ERK and Rac Mediates the Proliferative and Anti-proliferative Effects of Hyaluronan and CD44*S⃞
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Publicado em 14/11/2008
Português
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1320.1152%
Hyaluronan, a widely distributed component of the extracellular matrix,
exists in a high molecular weight (native) form and lower molecular weight
form (HMW- and LMW-HA, respectively). These different forms of hyaluronan bind
to CD44 but elicit distinct effects on cellular function. A striking example
is the opposing effects of HMW- and LMW-HA on the proliferation of vascular
smooth muscle cells; the binding of HMW-HA to CD44 inhibits cell cycle
progression, whereas the binding of LMW-HA to CD44 stimulates cell cycle
progression. We now report that cyclin D1 is the primary target of LMW-HA in
human vascular smooth muscle cells, as it is for HMW-HA, and that the opposing
cell cycle effects of these CD44 ligands result from differential regulation
of signaling pathways to cyclin D1. HMW-HA binding to CD44 selectively
inhibits the GTP loading of Rac and Rac-dependent signaling to the cyclin D1
gene, whereas LMW-HA binding to CD44 selectively stimulates ERK activation and
ERK-dependent cyclin D1 gene expression. These data describe a novel mechanism
of growth control in which a ligand-receptor system generates opposing effects
on mitogenesis by differentially regulating signaling pathways to a common
cell cycle target. They also emphasize how a seemingly subtle change in matrix
composition can have a profound effect on cell proliferation.
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‣ BMP2 Regulates Osterix through Msx2 and Runx2 during Osteoblast Differentiation*
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Publicado em 24/10/2008
Português
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1322.5344%
Osterix/Sp7, a member of the Sp1 transcription factor family, plays an
essential role in bone formation and osteoblastogenesis. Although Osterix has
been shown to be induced by BMP2 in a mesenchymal cell line, the molecular
basis of the regulation, expression and function of Osterix during osteoblast
differentiation, is not fully understood. Thus we examined the role of BMP2
signaling in the regulation of Osterix using the mesenchymal cell lines
C3H10T1/2 and C2C12. Osterix overexpression induced alkaline phosphatase
activity and osteocalcin expression in C2C12 cells and stimulated
calcification of murine primary osteoblasts. Considering that Runx2
overexpression induces Osterix, these results suggest that Osterix functions
as downstream of Runx2. Surprisingly, BMP2 treatment induced Osterix
expression and alkaline phosphatase activity in mesenchymal cells derived from
Runx2-deficient mice. Furthermore, overexpression of Smad1 and Smad4
up-regulated Osterix expression, and an inhibitory Smad, Smad6, markedly
suppressed BMP2-induced Osterix expression in the Runx2-deficient cells.
Moreover, overexpression of a homeobox gene, Msx2, which is up-regulated by
BMP2 and promotes osteoblastic differentiation, induced Osterix
expression in the Runx2-deficient cells. Knockdown of Msx2 clearly
inhibited induction of Osterix by BMP2 in the
Runx2-deficient mesenchymal cells. Interestingly...
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‣ Krüppel-like Factor 5 Shows Proliferation-specific Roles in Vascular Remodeling, Direct Stimulation of Cell Growth, and Inhibition of Apoptosis*
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Publicado em 03/04/2009
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
1319.9069%
Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), originally isolated as a regulator of
phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells, induces pathological
cell growth and is expressed in the neointima. Although induction of KLF5
up-regulates growth factors like platelet-derived growth factor-A chain, how
KLF5 actually contributes to vascular remodeling, notably its direct effects
on cell proliferation, had been poorly clarified. To investigate the effects
of KLF5 on neointimal formation, we at first performed adenoviral
overexpression of KLF5 to rats subjected to carotid balloon injury. Neointimal
formation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive rate were
significantly increased at 14 days after injury in the KLF5-treated animals.
At the cellular level, overexpression of KLF5 also resulted in markedly
increased cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. As a molecular
mechanism, we showed that KLF5 directly bound to the promoter and up-regulated
gene expression of cyclin D1, as well as showing specific transactivation of
cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in cardiovascular cells.
Conversely, knockdown of KLF5 by RNA interference specifically down-regulated
cyclin D1 and impaired vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Furthermore...
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‣ SirT1 Is an Inhibitor of Proliferation and Tumor Formation in Colon Cancer*
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
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1312.7606%
The NAD-dependent deacetylase SirT1 regulates factors involved in stress response and cell survival and is a potential drug target of activators and inhibitors. Determination of SirT1 function in tumor cells is important for its targeting in cancer therapy. We found that SirT1 knockdown by short hairpin RNA accelerates tumor xenograft formation by HCT116 cells, whereas SirT1 overexpression inhibits tumor formation. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of SirT1 stimulates cell proliferation under conditions of growth factor deprivation. Paradoxically, SirT1 inhibition also sensitizes cells to apoptosis by chemotherapy drugs. Immunohistochemical staining revealed high level SirT1 in normal colon mucosa and benign adenomas. SirT1 overexpression was observed in ∼25% of stage I/II/III colorectal adenocarcinomas but rarely found in advanced stage IV tumors. Furthermore, ∼30% of carcinomas showed lower than normal SirT1 expression. This pattern is consistent with SirT1 having pleiotropic effects during cancer development (anti-proliferation and anti-apoptotic). These results suggest a rationale for the use of SirT1 activators and inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of colon cancer.
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‣ Zebrafish eaf1 and eaf2/u19 Mediate Effective Convergence and Extension Movements through the Maintenance of wnt11 and wnt5 Expression
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
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1313.1647%
Studies have attributed several functions to the Eaf family, including tumor suppression and eye development. Given the potential association between cancer and development, we set forth to explore Eaf1 and Eaf2/U19 activity in vertebrate embryogenesis, using zebrafish. In situ hybridization revealed similar eaf1 and eaf2/u19 expression patterns. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of either eaf1 or eaf2/u19 expression produced similar morphological changes that could be reversed by ectopic expression of target or reciprocal-target mRNA. However, combination of Eaf1 and Eaf2/U19 (Eafs)-morpholinos increased the severity of defects, suggesting that Eaf1 and Eaf2/U19 only share some functional redundancy. The Eafs knockdown phenotype resembled that of embryos with defects in convergence and extension movements. Indeed, knockdown caused expression pattern changes for convergence and extension movement markers, whereas cell tracing experiments using kaeda mRNA showed a correlation between Eafs knockdown and cell migration defects. Cardiac and pancreatic differentiation markers revealed that Eafs knockdown also disrupted midline convergence of heart and pancreatic organ precursors. Noncanonical Wnt signaling plays a key role in both convergence and extension movements and midline convergence of organ precursors. We found that Eaf1 and Eaf2/U19 maintained expression levels of wnt11 and wnt5. Moreover...
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‣ Septin 11 Is Present in GABAergic Synapses and Plays a Functional Role in the Cytoarchitecture of Neurons and GABAergic Synaptic Connectivity*
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
1410.166%
Mass spectrometry and immunoblot analysis of a rat brain fraction enriched in type-II postsynaptic densities and postsynaptic GABAergic markers showed enrichment in the protein septin 11. Septin 11 is expressed throughout the brain, being particularly high in the spiny branchlets of the Purkinje cells in the molecular layer of cerebellum and in the olfactory bulb. Immunofluorescence of cultured hippocampal neurons showed that 54 ± 4% of the GABAergic synapses and 25 ± 2% of the glutamatergic synapses had colocalizing septin 11 clusters. Similar colocalization numbers were found in the molecular layer of cerebellar sections. In cultured hippocampal neurons, septin 11 clusters were frequently present at the base of dendritic protrusions and at the bifurcation points of the dendritic branches. Electron microscopy immunocytochemistry of the rat brain cerebellum revealed the accumulation of septin 11 at the neck of dendritic spines, at the bifurcation of dendritic branches, and at some GABAergic synapses. Knocking down septin 11 in cultured hippocampal neurons with septin 11 small hairpin RNAs showed (i) reduced dendritic arborization; (ii) decreased density and increased length of dendritic protrusions; and (iii) decreased GABAergic synaptic contacts that these neurons receive. The results indicate that septin 11 plays important roles in the cytoarchitecture of neurons...
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‣ SUMO Interaction Motifs in Sizn1 Are Required for Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein Nuclear Body Localization and for Transcriptional Activation*
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
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1314.9267%
Mutations in Sizn1 (Zcchc12), a novel transcriptional co-activator in the BMP signaling pathway, are associated with X-linked mental retardation. Previously, we demonstrated that Sizn1 positively modulates the BMP signal by interacting with Smad family members and cAMP-responsive element-binding protein-binding protein. To further define the molecular basis of Sizn1 function, we have explored its subcellular localization and generated various deletion mutants to carry out domain analyses. Here, we report that Sizn1 localizes to promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). Sizn1 deletion mutants that disrupt the MA homologous domain or the middle region fail to target to the PML-NB. We show that two SUMO interaction motifs (SIMs) in Sizn1 can bind to SUMO and govern SUMO conjugation to Sizn1 in the absence of the consensus motif for SUMO attachment. Interestingly, the SIM mutant Sizn1 localizes to nuclear bodies, but not to PML-NBs. Thus, SIMs mediate the localization of Sizn1 to PML-NB. Interestingly, mutations in SIM sequences and deletion of the MA homologous domain also affected the transcriptional co-activation function of a Sizn1. Taken together, our data indicate that the SIMs in Sizn1 are required for its PML-NB localization and for the full transcriptional co-activation function in BMP signaling.
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‣ Knockdown of ASIC1 and Epithelial Sodium Channel Subunits Inhibits Glioblastoma Whole Cell Current and Cell Migration*
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
1319.9812%
High grade gliomas such as glioblastoma multiforme express multiple members of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)/Degenerin family, characteristically displaying a basally active amiloride-sensitive cation current not seen in normal human astrocytes or lower grade gliomas. Using quantitative real time PCR, we have shown higher expression of ASIC1, αENaC, and γENaC in D54-MG human glioblastoma multiforme cells compared with primary human astrocytes. We hypothesize that this glioma current is mediated by a hybrid channel composed of a mixture of ENaC and acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) subunits. To test this hypothesis we made dominant negative cDNAs for ASIC1, αENaC, γENaC, and δENaC. D54-MG cells transfected with the dominant negative constructs for ASIC1, αENaC, or γENaC showed reduced protein expression and a significant reduction in the amiloride-sensitive whole cell current as compared with untransfected D54-MG cells. Knocking down αENaC or γENaC also abolished the high PK+/PNa+ of D54-MG cells. Knocking down δENaC in D54-MG cells reduced δENaC protein expression but had no effect on either the whole cell current or K+ permeability. Using co-immunoprecipitation we show interactions between ASIC1, αENaC, and γENaC...
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‣ Characterization of Nuclear Localization Signal in the N Terminus of CUL4B and Its Essential Role in Cyclin E Degradation and Cell Cycle Progression*
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
1316.5833%
CUL4A and CUL4B, which are derived from the same ancestor, CUL4, encode scaffold proteins that organize cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (E3) complexes. Recent genetic studies have shown that germ line mutation in CUL4B can cause mental retardation, short stature, and other abnormalities in humans. CUL4A was observed to be overexpressed in breast and hepatocellular cancers, although no germ line mutation in human CUL4A has been reported. Although CUL4A has been known to be involved in a number of cellular processes, including DNA repair and cell cycle regulation, little is known about whether CUL4B has similar functions. In this report, we tested the functional importance of CUL4B in cell proliferation and characterized the nuclear localization signal (NLS) that is essential for its function. We found that RNA interference silencing of CUL4B led to an inhibition of cell proliferation and a prolonged S phase, due to the overaccumulation of cyclin E, a substrate targeted by CUL4B for ubiquitination. We showed that, unlike CUL4A and other cullins that carry their NLS in their C termini, NLS in CUL4B is located in its N terminus, between amino acid 37 and 40, KKRK. This NLS could bind to importin α1, α3, and α5. NLS-deleted CUL4B was distributed in cytoplasm and failed to promote cell proliferation. Therefore...
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‣ Exendin-4 Promotes Liver Cell Proliferation and Enhances the PDX-1-induced Liver to Pancreas Transdifferentiation Process*
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
1338.8302%
Over the last few years, evidence has accumulated revealing the unexpected potential of committed mammalian cells to convert to a different phenotype via a process called transdifferentiation or adult cell reprogramming. These findings may have major practical implications because this process may facilitate the generation of functional autologous tissues that can be used for replacing malfunctioning organs. An instructive role for transcription factors in diverting the developmental fate of cells in adult tissues has been demonstrated when adult human liver cells were induced to transdifferentiate to the pancreatic endocrine lineage upon ectopic expression of the pancreatic master regulator PDX-1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene 1). Since organogenesis and lineage commitment are affected also by developmental signals generated in response to environmental triggers, we have now analyzed whether the hormone GLP-1 (glucogen-like peptide-1) documented to play a role in pancreatic beta cell differentiation, maturation, and survival, can also increase the efficiency of liver to pancreas transdifferentiation. We demonstrate that the GLP-1R agonist, exendin-4, significantly improves the efficiency of PDX-1-mediated transdifferentiation. Exendin-4 affects the transdifferentiation process at two distinct steps; it increases the proliferation of liver cells predisposed to transdifferentiated in response to PDX-1 and promotes the maturation of transdifferentiated cells along the pancreatic lineage. Liver cell reprogramming toward the pancreatic beta cell lineage has been suggested as a strategy for functional replacement of the ablated insulin-producing cells in diabetics. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of the transdifferentiation process will allow us to increase the efficiency of the reprogramming process and optimize its therapeutic merit.
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‣ Interactions of Plakoglobin and β-Catenin with Desmosomal Cadherins: BASIS OF SELECTIVE EXCLUSION OF α- AND β-CATENIN FROM DESMOSOMES*
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
1419.3883%
Plakoglobin and β-catenin are homologous armadillo repeat proteins found in adherens junctions, where they interact with the cytoplasmic domain of classical cadherins and with α-catenin. Plakoglobin, but normally not β-catenin, is also a structural constituent of desmosomes, where it binds to the cytoplasmic domains of the desmosomal cadherins, desmogleins and desmocollins. Here, we report structural, biophysical, and biochemical studies aimed at understanding the molecular basis of selective exclusion of β-catenin and α-catenin from desmosomes. The crystal structure of the plakoglobin armadillo domain bound to phosphorylated E-cadherin shows virtually identical interactions to those observed between β-catenin and E-cadherin. Trypsin sensitivity experiments indicate that the plakoglobin arm domain by itself is more flexible than that of β-catenin. Binding of plakoglobin and β-catenin to the intracellular regions of E-cadherin, desmoglein1, and desmocollin1 was measured by isothermal titration calorimetry. Plakoglobin and β-catenin bind strongly and with similar thermodynamic parameters to E-cadherin. In contrast, β-catenin binds to desmoglein-1 more weakly than does plakoglobin. β-Catenin and plakoglobin bind with similar weak affinities to desmocollin-1. Full affinity binding of desmoglein-1 requires sequences C-terminal to the region homologous to the catenin-binding domain of classical cadherins. Although pulldown assays suggest that the presence of N- and C-terminal β-catenin “tails” that flank the armadillo repeat region reduces the affinity for desmosomal cadherins...
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‣ Unique Impact of RB Loss on Hepatic Proliferation: TUMORIGENIC STRESSES UNCOVER DISTINCT PATHWAYS OF CELL CYCLE CONTROL
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
1319.8762%
The retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor pathway is disrupted at high frequency in hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanisms through which RB modulates physiological responses in the liver remain poorly defined. Despite the well established role of RB in cell cycle control, the deletion of RB had no impact on the kinetics of cell cycle entry or the restoration of quiescence during the course of liver regeneration. Although these findings indicated compensatory effects from the RB-related proteins p107 and p130, even the dual deletion of RB with p107 or p130 failed to deregulate hepatic proliferation. Furthermore, although these findings suggested a modest role for the RB-pathway in the context of proliferative control, RB loss had striking effects on response to the genotoxic hepatocarcinogen diethylnitrosamine. With diethylnitrosamine, RB deletion resulted in inappropriate cell cycle entry that facilitated secondary genetic damage and further uncoupling of DNA replication with mitotic entry. Analysis of the mechanism underlying the differential impact of RB status on liver biology revealed that, while liver regeneration is associated with the conventional induction of cyclin D1 expression, the RB-dependent cell cycle entry...
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‣ Double Deficiency of Tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 Alters Cell Motility and Protease Production of Macrophages and Causes Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-like Phenotype in Mice*S⃞
Fonte: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publicador: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Publicado em 19/09/2008
Português
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1316.2967%
CD9 and CD81 are closely related tetraspanins that regulate cell motility
and signaling by facilitating the organization of multimolecular membrane
complexes, including integrins. We show that CD9 and CD81 are down-regulated
in smoking-related inflammatory response of a macrophage line, RAW264.7. When
functions of CD9 and CD81 were ablated with monoclonal antibody treatment,
small interfering RNA transfection, or gene knock-out, macrophages were less
motile and produced larger amounts of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and
MMP-9 than control cells in vitro. In line with this, CD9/CD81
double-knock-out mice spontaneously developed pulmonary emphysema, a major
pathological component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The
mutant lung contained an increased number of alveolar macrophages with
elevated activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and progressively displayed enlarged
airspace and disruption of elastic fibers in the alveoli. Secretory cell
metaplasia, a finding similar to goblet cell metaplasia in cigarette smokers,
was also observed in the epithelium of terminal bronchioles. With aging, the
double-knockout mice showed extrapulmonary phenotypes, including weight loss,
kyphosis, and osteopenia. These results suggest that the tetraspanins CD9 and
CD81 regulate cell motility and protease production of macrophages and that
their dysfunction may underlie the progression of COPD.
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