This study of secular trend in Portugal has shown that a positive increment in height occurred in Portuguese 18- year-old males between 1904 and 2000, and a secular trend in the age at menarche, towards an earliest age, also took place. Mean height increased 8.93 cm, from 1904 to 2000, when reached 172,13 cm. Besides that, in 2000, statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) among the districts were found: males from Lisboa (172.79 cm) and Braga (172.67 cm), the most developed districts, are the tallest, and those from Madeira (170.67 cm), Castelo Branco, Leiria and Coimbra (171,31 cm) are the shortest. A decrease in age at menarche was observed: girls born in the decade 1880-90 had a mean age at menarche of 15 years and those born in 1970-1980 had a mean age at menarche of 12.03 years. The increase in mean stature and the decrease in mean menarcheal age represent a general improvement in the living conditions that occurred in Portugal after the 1970s. The Portuguese nutritional pattern, the health care system, the economy and even in housing conditions changed between 1960 and 1997

In this paper we show that a closed economy, with a balanced budget and unable to increase public spending, can avoid or leave a persistent slump through adequate and timely combination of monetary and fiscal policy based on distortionary taxation. We use a three generations OLG New Keynesian model in which a permanent slump is possible without any self-correcting force to full-employment. Complementing recent work on Secular Stagnation using lump-sum taxation and government spending as fiscal instruments, our contribution is to use distortionary taxes over labor, consumption and capital, in a balanced budget environment with constant (or decreasing) government spending.

São apresentados dados sobre a ocorrência de viés nas estimativas de tendência secular em estatura, baseadas em dados da Marinha do Brasil. Foram analisados três bancos de dados; um para o período entre 1940 e 1965 e dois entre 1970 e 1977.

Esse trabalho constitui-se em uma revisão de literatura sobre tendência secular em estatura (TSE). Os principais tópicos abordados foram a definição do fenômeno, a utilização de dados históricos de estatura como estratégia alternativa no monitoramento de mudanças econômicas, as principais explicações teóricas sugeridas para a ocorrência do fenômeno, o início da antropometria militar, sua utilização no passado e no presente, e a magnitude da tendência em recrutas e na população infantil. Os principais achados revelaram que a TSE tem sido atribuída, sobretudo, a influências ambientais, em particular, a melhorias nas condições sanitárias, econômicas e sociais. As taxas médias de incremento variaram conforme a idade, o estrato sócio-econômico e o país considerado; portanto, deve-se ter cautela nas comparações interpopulacionais. A Segunda Guerra Mundial reduziu a tendência em diversos países, entre eles o Brasil, mas as taxas de incremento no pós-guerra foram ainda maiores do que as observadas no início do século. Constatou-se, por fim, que dados provenientes da antropometria militar são os mais utilizados para estimativas de TSE.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a tendência secular de altura, peso e da relação peso/altura em escolares de Paulínia, São Paulo, Brasil, entre 1979/80 e 1993/94. MÉTODOS: Medidas antropométricas de peso (P) e altura (A) e da relação P/A de 1.903 crianças de 6,5 a 12,5 anos (51,5% M e 48,5% F) de escolas públicas de Paulínia foram comparadas com dados de estudo anterior realizado na mesma cidade, com intervalo de 15 anos. Calculou-se o incremento por década e alisou-se os dados pela técnica de médias e medianas móveis (3H3H3). RESULTADOS: As médias de altura e peso foram sempre superiores às do estudo anterior, com incrementos positivos. Os incrementos para a altura variaram de 1,13 a 5 cm no sexo masculino e 1,2 a 4,33 cm nas meninas, já para o peso a variação foi de 0,53 a 4,13 kg nos meninos e 0,87 a 3,0 kg nas meninas. Para a relação P/A, as médias dos dois estudos foram muito semelhantes em ambos os sexos. CONCLUSÕES: A tendência secular positiva da estatura e do peso neste período deve-se principalmente ao desenvolvimento econômico, de saneamento básico, de habitação, de educação e na área de saúde ocorrido na cidade de Paulínia. A tendência secular positiva encontrada foi semelhante à observada em países desenvolvidos após a II Guerra Mundial e de outros trabalhos brasileiros.

The thesis argues for the inclusion of the study of religion within the public school curriculum. It argues that the whole division between “religious” and “secular” spaces and institutions is itself rooted in a specific religious tradition. Using the theories of Jacques Derrida, I argue that, unless the present process of globalization is tempered with alternative models of organizing that don’t include this secular/sacred division, the very process of Western globalization acts as a moral religion. Derrida calls this process “globalatinization,” the imposition of Western defined institutions upon other cultures. The process creates a type of religious violence through act of imposing notions of “secular/public” and “sacred/private.” Drawing from Mark Juergensmeyer’s theory of religious violence, and Derrida’s and Foucault’s understanding of discursive formations, I argue that religious studies should enter this “secular/public” space in the form of educating about the world’s religions. Such education would go a long way in preventing the demonization of the “other” through promoting empathy, understanding, and respect for “other” traditions. Finally, education would provide a needed self-critique of the dividing of “secular/sacred” in contemporary Western life.

Study Design: Computer tomography scans were used to asses the opening of the sacral canal. Objective: We investigated the prevalence of sacral spina bifida occulta in 2 population groups: born 1940 to 1950 and 1980 to 1990. Summary of Background Data: Comparison of the prevalence of spina bifida occulta in the first-century Pompeii with that in 20th century European and Mediterranean populations indicates that the degree of the closure of vertebral arches in the sacrum has undergone changes and the prevalence of spina bifida occulta is increasing. Methods: Transverse computer tomograph scans and multiplanar reconstruction images of sacra of 100 males and 100 females born 1940 to 1950 and 100 males and 100 females born 1980 to 1990 were used after ethics committee approval. Results: The individuals born later have significantly more open sacral arches when compared with those born 40 years earlier, especially in the midsacral region. Also, males have open sacral arches in the rostral segments of the sacrum more than females. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a secular trend in the opening of the sacral canal in both sexes that occurred within 2 generations. Also, the increased prevalence of open sacral canal in males suggests a different response between sexes to the forces of evolution.; Lucian Bogdan Solomon...

This paper aims to broaden the scope of constructivist theory on norms diffusion by considering the case of religious normative action by non-Western international actors. Drawing on Habermasian normative debates about the post-secular, the paper conceptualizes world society as a post-secular global public sphere where the process of institutional translation acts as a social mechanism of norm contestation and international diffusion. Institutional translation is empirically investigated through two case studies in the normative activity of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) at the United Nations (UN). The first case looks at the dialogue of civilizations norm promoted by the OIC. This norm, after going through a successful process of translation into the secular liberal language, garnered international support and was finally institutionalized in the UN’s Alliance of Civilizations. The second case focuses on the principle of defamation of religion. This norm, facing ample translation barriers, was largely opposed by international actors at the UN and eventually failed to become an internationally recognized norm. We conclude that the mechanism of institutional translation is central to explaining how norms diffuse internationally across different cultural and normative contexts.

Una versión previa y con algunas variantes de este trabajo fue presentada en las XII Jornadas Internacionales de Política Económica, Toledo, mayo, 2015; En este trabajo buscamos explicar el lento proceso de ajuste y recuperación de la economía europea tras el colapso provocado por el hundimiento de 2008 y la subsiguiente crisis de la deuda soberana. Para ello utilizamos tres conceptos relativamente novedosos y claves en el razonamiento macroeconómico más reciente: ciclo financiero, recesión de balance y estancamiento secular. El argumento central que aquí se defiende es que la recuperación de la economía europea no sólo es lenta y frágil, debido a los efectos inducidos por la presencia de un ciclo financiero y una recesión de balance, sino que apunta a una tendencia de estancamiento en el crecimiento económico, acompañada de fuertes tendencias deflacionistas. Se analiza la responsabilidad en todo ello de las políticas macroeconómicas, sobre todo las fiscales. Se concluye con algunas propuestas para la reorientación de las estrategias de intervención económica, para adaptarse de un modo positivo y equilibrado a ese contexto: el necesario empuje de los factores de demanda –en primer lugar, de la formación de capital- debe ser compatible con la reducción de los niveles de deuda...

RESUMEN: La osteoporosis es la enfermedad metabólica ósea más frecuente y, sin duda alguna, el principal proceso determinante en el desarrollo de fracturas en los individuos de más de 50 años. La fractura de cadera representa su complicación más grave debido a su importante morbilidad y mortalidad. Al ser la osteoporosis una enfermedad ligada al proceso de envejecimiento, el proceso involutivo asociado a la edad favorece su aparición. Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX se han analizado las tasas de incidencia de la fractura de cadera en las mujeres y en los varones de la mayoría de los países del mundo, con la intención de identificar su tendencia secular, a fin de implementar programas eficientes de prevención y de planificación del gasto sanitario. El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar sí se han producido cambios en la incidencia de la fractura de cadera en Cantabria entre los años 1988 y 2010 así como identificar las variables implicadas en la evolución de la tendencia secular de la fractura de cadera en nuestra región.; ABSTRACT: Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease and, undoubtedly, the major determinant factor in the development process of fractures in individuals over 50 years. Hip fracture is the most serious complication of osteoporosis due to its significant morbidity and mortality. As osteoporosis is a disease linked to the aging process...

Art??culo de la secci??n: Documentos; En 1501 los habitantes de Granada, musulmanes, fueron obligados a bautizarse. El arzobispo no contaba de momento con sacerdotes para atender pastoralmente a los cristianos nuevos. Pidi?? que acudieran de otras di??cesis. Pocos a??os despu??s, ya estaban cubiertas todas las plazas tanto de la Catedral y Capilla Real como de las parroquias de la capital y de los pueblos. El trabajo da a conocer cu??ntos, qui??nes y c??mo eran los cl??rigos seculares de Granada hacia 1527, es decir, el clero que recristianiz?? la di??cesis granadina en el siglo XVI.; In 1501, the Muslim population of Granada had to be christened. The archbishop did not have enough priests at that moment to give the new Christians pastoral care and requested priests from other dioceses. A few years later, all the vacancies in the Cathedral, Royal chapel and town and village parish churches were filled. This paper shows how many secular clergymen there were in Granada in 1527, who they were, and what they were like, that is, the clergy that rechristened the Granada diocese in the XVI century.

Art??culo de la secci??n: Estudios; Para numerosos autores del siglo XVII, el excesivo n??mero de cl??rigos era una de las causas de la crisis de la Monarqu??a Hisp??nica. Sin embargo, no se dispone de datos fiables que corroboren estos planteamientos. Existe para la ciudad de Murcia una documentaci??n que utiliz??ndose con mucha cautela puede servir para tener una idea de los efectivos del clero secular, su distribuci??n, el porcentaje que representaba en el conjunto de la poblaci??n as?? como su evoluci??n a lo largo de la centuria. A la luz de esta informaci??n podremos juzgar si las quejas de los tratadistas estaban justificadas.; For many Seventeenth Century authors, the excessive number of clergymen was one of the causes of the crisis of the Hispanic Monarchy. However, it is not possible to get reliable data for correborating these positions. Exists for the city of Murcia a documentation that being used with much caution can serve to have an idea of the number of the secular clergy, its distribution, the percentage that was representing on the whole of the population, as well as its evolution throughout the century. With all this information we shall be able to judge if the writers were right.

How can secular Western IR theory deal with religion? Bringing in the debates on religion in the public sphere, the paper’s goal is to foster a deeper understanding of the nexus between religion and international relations. Religion in global politics challenges the notion of a secular world order based on contract and custom in a system of states, as they had developed since the Westphalian settlement. According to this foundational myth religion mattered only domestically, and there only within the 'private' realm. The forces of globalization inevitably transcend the traditional boundaries of the state and also the fundamental distinction between the public and the private. The ongoing IR debate based on terrorism, and asymmetric conflict is decidedly too narrow to understand this fundamental challenge. It is here that the discussion in political theory which focused on the changing configuration of the public sphere (public/private distinction) attains it importance for the IR debate about religion in a global perspective. It supplements the debate in international relations that addresses the re-drawing of boundaries that had traditionally marked the internal/ external (global) distinction, but offers more than Huntington or Norris and Inglehart. For both of them the decisive breaks in the tectonics of world politics are cultural fault-lines where a secular segment of the world population is facing a religious one. The problem with this kind of argument is that of a dangerous selffulfilling prophecy. Contrary to others who still hope to round up the wagons and fight back the passing raids of the challengers...

Final full-text version of the paper available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00319201; A spherical cap harmonic analysis was applied to Spain and neighbouring areas, covering a region with a cap half-angle of 16°. The technique, due to Haines, has allowed us to obtain a model of secular variation (SV) for a time interval of 18 years reduced to the epoch 1987.5. The total number of selected data points was 1581 provided from ten observatories and 60 repeat stations. The SV model has a maximum spatial index of four and temporal degree of two. The coefficients were tested and the statistically non-significant terms removed. Another model covering a smaller region with greater density of data has been developed and both results compared.; The average secular variations derived from the definitive geomagnetic reference field (DGRF) and the international geomagnetic reference field (IGRF) were compared with these models and maps plotting the calculated first field derivatives are presented. The integration of the final model will serve to update satellite data in order to produce a regional main field model.; This work was partially supported by the Dirección General de Investigaciôn Científica y Técnica, under the research project No. PB87-0390 at the Observatori de l’Ebre.; Peer reviewed

INTRODUÇÃO: a análise da distribuição temporal de eventos do processo saúde-doença é uma das estratégias de investigação mais antigas e valiosas para a epidemiologia e para a saúde pública. OBJETIVO: analisar a evolução do perfil antropométrico de pré-escolares, que frequentavam creches municipais da cidade de Taubaté em 1997 e 2007. MÉTODO: foram analisadas variáveis do banco de dados de 2 estudos transversais: um realizado em 1997, com 755 crianças, e outro de 2007, com 1448 crianças. Os dados analisados foram: idade da criança, sexo, peso, estatura e índice de massa corporal (IMC). A transformação dos valores antropométricos em escores Z foi realizada pelo referencial do CDC/NCHS (2000). As comparações entre os dois momentos foram feitas pelo χ-quadrado e pelo teste t-Student, (α = 0,05). RESULTADOS: evidenciou-se tendência de crescimento positiva entre 1997 e 2007 com um aumento significante nos valores médios de escore Z de estatura em ambos os sexos, meninos: 0,04 para 0,39 e meninas: 0,05 para 0,33, e de peso, meninos; -0,03 para 0,26 e meninas: 0,03 para 0,21. As médias de IMC não revelaram diferença significante (meninos de - 0,02 para 0,07 e meninas de 0,09 para 0,12). Observou-se também...

São apresentados dados sobre a ocorrência de viés nas estimativas de tendência secular em estatura, baseadas em dados da Marinha do Brasil. Foram analisados três bancos de dados; um para o período entre 1940 e 1965 e dois entre 1970 e 1977.; Data of bias occurrence of secular height trend estimates based on Brazilian Navy data are presented. Three data sets were analyzed; one for the 1940-65 period and two for the 70s.

OBJETIVO: Atualizar a tendência secular (1962-1988) da composição e da adequação nutricional da dieta familiar praticada nas áreas metropolitanas do Brasil, com base em nova pesquisa sobre orçamentos familiares realizada em meados da década de 90. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se como fontes de dados as pesquisas sobre orçamentos familiares (POF) da Fundação IBGE, realizadas entre março de 1987 e fevereiro de 1988 (13.611 domicílios) e entre outubro de 1995 e setembro de 1996 (16.014 domicílios), tendo ambas como universo de estudo as áreas metropolitanas do Brasil. Nas duas pesquisas chegou-se à disponibilidade domiciliar diária per capita de alimentos, dividindo-se o total de alimentos adquiridos no mês pelo número de pessoas residentes no domicílio e pelo número de dias do mês. O padrão alimentar foi caracterizado com base na participação relativa de grupos selecionados de alimentos e de nutrientes na disponibilidade calórica total. A comparação entre as duas pesquisas levou em conta o conjunto das áreas metropolitanas do País e estratos dessas áreas correspondentes às regiões menos desenvolvidas (Norte e Nordeste) e mais desenvolvidas (Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul). RESULTADOS: Observou-se intensificação do consumo relativo de carnes...

En este trabajo, se presenta una aproximación al clero secular de la diócesis de Córdoba. Se analizan sus orígenes sociales, su composición y organización, sus mutaciones y recomposiciones a lo largo de un período en el que la provincia experimentó profundos cambios políticos, sociales y económicos.Se aborda al clero secular como un microcosmos social, un lugar donde desembocan individuos procedentes de muy diversos mundos sociales. Individuos que, unidos por el común denominador de su función: "ministros de lo sagrado", se estructuran y se sitúan en su interior. Se intenta percibir cómo se establecían las diferencias sociales en el seno del grupo. Cómo se pensaba la "diferencia" entre nativos y extranjeros, más allá de la nacionalidad, sí cómo "separación" entre iguales o, en función de una estructuración interna, -de autoridad, integración, dominación o dependencia-, al estilo de una sociedad que mantenía patrones de antiguo régimen. La" diferencia", naturalmente, se traducirá en acciones concretas.

The continuous changing of the Zeitgeist, from modernism through postmodernism to metamodernism (post-secularism), contributes to the continuous changes in our societies, which undoubtedly lead to changes in the area of religion, in particular the Christian religion. This has resulted in a dichotomy - on the one hand we have religious diversity and decay, and on the other hand church growth and an increasing interest in Christian spirituality, depending on which part of the world is focussed. In order to address these changes from a Christian perspective, biblical hermeneutics has to be amended to make the Christian kerugma in a post-secular age more relevant, and to make Christian living in a post-secular age viable. In order to proclaim the gospel in a post-secular age, Christian believers will have to build friendships, while the gospel should be reformulated and redefined in a remix, idiom. To succeed in addressing the spiritual needs of Christians and to mobilise them to proclaim the gospel, the church will have to pay much more attention to Christian spirituality and the embodiment of the kingdom of God (and the divine self) in the lives of believers and in the world.